In _Ibn Taymiyya on Reason and Revelation_, Carl Sharif El-Tobgui offers a comprehensive analysis of Ibn Taymiyya’s ten-volume magnum opus, _Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql_ (Refutation of the conflict of reason and revelation), elucidating its author’s foundational reconstitution of rationality through the multifaceted ontological, epistemological, and linguistic reforms he carries out.

This paper ascertains genuine principles of Islam while exploring an emerging contradiction between authentic tenets of faith in the Muslims’ heritage of human rights and justice, and a variety of modern targets upheld by OIC Charter and other political and legal instruments to guide a far-sighted authority agenda in pursuit of global equilibrium over key Muslim concerns. The paper ends with operational strategies on sooth conflicting situations of this complex dilemma.

Depression is one of the most common psychological disorders and many people in the world suffer from this disorder. Every year, thousands of suicides occur because of depression. Whilst anxiety is considered a common phenomenon of our era, it has existed throughout human history. Nevertheless, there have always been signs of religion and religious beliefs in the study of human communities and the history of civilisations. Despite rapid advancements made in solving the physical problems of human beings, the science of (...) medicine has not taken an effective step toward solving humans' psychological issues, although they play a considerable role in the emergence of physical diseases. Religion can affect the mental health of individuals and society through various mechanisms. In general, the role of religion and religious beliefs on the health of the individual and society is very important. A great deal of peace of mind can be achieved based on faith and moral beliefs and practices. People with religious beliefs have an optimistic viewpoint towards life, and their religious beliefs turn a dark life into a bright one even when all hopes are lost in the battle of life. Given the importance of this issue, the present study aimed to evaluate the role of Islamic religious beliefs of Muslim students on depression during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Malaysia. A field study was performed on 3500 Muslim students of Kuala Lumpur in 2021 by simple random sampling method. Data were collected using standardised questionnaires, and data analysis was performed in SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). According to the results, people with a higher level of religious beliefs suffered less from depression, which confirmed the negative and significant relationship between Islamic religious beliefs and depression. According to the results of multiple regression analysis related to the components of the independent variable in SPSS, all components of Islamic beliefs had a significant role in reducing COVID-19-induced depression. Meanwhile, action required (t-value: 2.30; beta: 0.55) and religious activities (t-value: 2.24; beta: 0.54) had the most effect on reducing depression induced by COVID-19 disease. CONTRIBUTION: The findings of this study could be used to treat people's depression during the COVID-19 pandemic by taking their Islamic religious beliefs into account. (shrink)

The present analysis contends that in Revelation the message to the Church in Thyatira has a concentric composition whose axis is at verse 2,23b: kai gnôsontai pasai ai ekklèsiai oti egô eimi... . From this structure flows an exegesis which values preeminently the central role of Christ who discerns the inner motivation of each one's works in order to remunerate justly. Accordingly the message progresses from a present judgment on Jezabel, whose traits resemble roughly those of Babylon and the beast, (...) to a cosmic and kingdom-centered representation of those Church members who go on resisting evil and who ultimately prevail over both interior and exterior pressures and deceptions. Such a carefully constructed «letter» presents Christ, Jezabel and the loyal faithful with some typical characteristics of the second part of Revelation of which it may well function as its programmatic anticipation. (shrink)

1. Mikhtavim -- 2. Elul -- 3. Emunah -- 4. Midot -- 5. Torah ṿa-daʻat -- 6. Yirʼah u-musar -- 7. Darkhe ha-ʻavodah.

The purpose of this essay is to analyze succinctly the concept of faith through the very penetrating gaze of the Danish philosopher Sören Kierkegaard. Faith is analyzed by Kierkegaard from absurdity, resignation and the paradox of faith. In the same way, his concept of faith is carved with a chisel that would complete all his philosophy, that is, to touch human reality away from any abstract thought, trying at all times that his examination be seen on (...) a personal dimension in his rigorously individual coret. (shrink)

A comprehensive paradigm of environmental ethics should encompass two things: (1) a particular way of life, and (2) a path to achieve that ideal. An effective paradigm must also be internally consistent, yet externally workable in the real world. On the whole, the modern environmental movement has failed to provide these essential components and qualities in its associated philosophies, most of which suffer from being too abstract or too utopian.This paper suggests that Islam, as a religion and as a body (...) of knowledge, is capable of providing its followers with a comprehensive and practical system of environmental ethics. The basic principles and guidelines of the faith represent the conceptual ideal, while Islamic institutions and laws provide the operational components of an ethical system. (shrink)

Augustine presents the unfolding of the nuptial mystery as a unitary tapestry on which the image of the Wedding of Christ-Church gradually emerges, and also its fulfillment in the Love of the man for the woman. The event of salvation is a nuptial mystery, the fruit of which is a new creation, through the participation in Christ’s Trinitarian communion. Every faithful can receive this gift which brings the mystery of the risen Christ back into life. This circularity of the Trinitarian, (...) Christological and anthropological layers of the mystery, find their point of convergence in the caritas. What Augustine synthesizes in an original way is this dynamic relationship, that is based in the circularity of the layers, through the role of the Spirit. The gift of charity founds unity in communion, being one and one body only in Christ. Thus, the Christians, thanks to Eucharistic and sacramental unity, become ‘members’ of the one Church-Bride, in which all form one Body. Marriage and virginity reveal themselves to be the two dimensions of the journey that human love takes, guided by the Spirit, to reach the fullness of divine love. Thus, in the ‘we’ of love, the divine ‘We’ is made present, and through “living in love” “the light of God” enters into the world. (shrink)

El presente artículo rastrea el pensamiento antropológico de Miguel de Unamuno, descubriendo su esencia en el aspecto religioso. El desarrollo de este argumento permite explicitar la formación intelectual de Unamuno, destacando la relación de su pensamiento con tres de los filósofos que más le influyeron: Agustín, Pascal y Kierkegaard. El estudio de las relaciones entre ellos permite, a su vez, volver a poner la cuestión sobre Dios como un problema filosófico siempre actual. This article presents anthropological thought of Miguel de (...) Unamuno. The religious aspect expresses the essence of the Spanish writer's thought. In the development of his mind three important authors have influenced Western philosophy: St. Augustine, Pascal and Kierkegaard. This paper studies the relationships between them and with them again proposes the question of God as a philosophical problem. (shrink)

Una de las características de la eucología hispana es su enfoque en el misterio conocido, mediatizado y participado en el rito a través de la fe. Esta división va a guiar nuestra reflexión sobre el concepto del misterio. Primero, el rito hispano-mozárabe es orientado hacia ad consideranda divinis Mysteriis sacramenta. Segundo, para los mozárabes, el misterio no es un simple recordatorio de la incognoscibilidad de Dios, sino apunta hacia una revelación trinitaria. Finalmente, la eucología hispana se esfuerza en indicar la (...) manera adecuada de celebrar los mysteriis solemnitatis. One of the characteristics of the Hispanic euchology is its focus on the mystery known, mediated and participated in the rite by faith. This tri-partite division will determine our reflection on mystery. First, Mozarabic Rite is oriented ad consideranda divinis Mysteriis sacramenta. Second, for Mozarabs, the mystery is not so much a reminder of the unknowability of God but means his Trinitarian revelation. Finally, the Hispanic euchology is marked by concern for adequately celebrating mysteriis solemnitatis. (shrink)

In the last papers published by Alchourrón, he attacked non-monotonic logics, which he considered philosophically unsound for the representation of defeasible reasoning. Instead of a non-monotonic consequence relation, he proposed a formal representation of defeasibility based on an AGM-like revision of implicit assumptions connected to the premises. Given that this is a procedure to generate non-monotonic logics, it is not clear, from a mathematical standpoint, why he was so suspicious of such logics. In the present paper we try to answer (...) this question based on Alchourrón' s convictions about epistemology, particularly the epistemology of law. We also propose another revision operator on theories called refinement, which provides a faithful representation of the sort of epistemic change considered by Alchourrón as intrinsic to defeasibility. En sus últimos escritos publicados, Alchourrón desarrolló un ataque contra las lógicas no-monotónicas, que consideraba filosóficamente inadecuadas a la representación del razonamiento derrotable. En vez de una relación de consecuencia no-monotónica, él propuso una representación formal de la derrotabilidad basada en un modelo de revisión de las asunciones implícitas ligadas a las premisas. Dado que éste es un procedimiento para generar lógicas no-monotónicas, no está claro -en el nivel matemático- por qué él era tan desconfiado de tales lógicas. En el presente texto intentamos contestar a esta pregunta basados en las convicciones de Alchourrón sobre epistemología, particularmente la epistemología jurídica. También proponemos otro operador de revisión aplicado a las teorías, llamado refinamiento, que proporciona una representación fiel de la especie de cambio epistémico considerado por Alchourrón como intrínseco a la derrotabilidad. (shrink)

El propósito de este artículo es identificar convergencias y diferencias acerca de la relación fe-cultura en las reflexiones de tres teólogos latinoamericanos, quienes representan, de alguna manera, tres grandes líneas teológicas de los últimos cincuenta años. Los tres autores convergen en su interés por conocer e interpretar la cultura latinoamericana y su relación con el Evangelio. Pero divergen en una variedad de aspectos. Esto se puede apreciar por los conceptos, o categorías, utilizados: la idea de la liberación sociocultural como implicación (...) de la misma evangelización, la idea de una síntesis entre las culturas originarias y la evangelización ibérica, y la idea que valora la realidad multiétnica y pluricultural de nuestro subcontinente. Los tres autores estudiados muestran más diversidad que convergencia, e incluso, oposición entre sus planteamientos y opciones pastorales. The purpose of this article is to identify similarities and differences about the relationship between faith and culture in the reflections of three Latin American theologians who represent, somehow, three great theological lines cin-account recent years. The three authors converge in their interest to know and interpret Latin American culture and its relationship with the Gospel. But they diverge in a variety of ways. This can be seen by concepts, or categories, used the idea of cultural liberation as involvement in the same evangelization, the idea of a synthesis between the native cultures and the Iberian evangelization, and the idea that values the multiethnic and multicultural reality of our continent. The three authors studied show more diversity than convergence, and even opposition between his approach and pastoral options. (shrink)

Resumen La cuestión de la relación entre ciencia y fe ha adquirido nuevo vigor en los comienzos del siglo, cuando, tras años de especialización y separación fragmentaria de los saberes, que conducían a la esquizofrenia cultural del cognoscente, se empieza a percibir de manera cada vez más nítida la necesidad de su integración para dar cuenta de la multidimensionalidad de lo real. Tras poner de manifiesto la aparente tensión entre cultura y trascendencia como realidades que conviven en el ser humano, (...) se rastrea la posibilidad que Panikkar propone de una ciencia que, sin eliminarse a sí misma, sin cancelar la mediación que ella misma constituye ni despojarse de sus maneras y métodos propios, sin siquiera abandonar el plano de la pura inmanencia, reconoce en él lo divino: la infinita trascendencia del cuerpo -su carácter siempre abierto al misterio- y su infinita inmanencia -su profundidad insondable-. Esto tiene lugar en la forma concreta que el autor propone de una teofisica, de modo que con ella no ocurre algo semejante a lo que Wittgenstein indica respecto a la escalera de la que, una vez arriba -lograda la significación de lo Absoluto- puedo desprenderme, sino que, en ella, la escalera -la dimensión física- se conserva y se supera.The issue of the relationship between science and faith has acquired greater relevance since the beginning of the century, time in which, after years of specialization and fragmentation of human knowledge, which have led to a cultural schizophrenia of the knower, there is a growing awareness of the need to integrate both to account for a multidimensional reality. After noticing the apparent tension between culture and the divine as realities that coexist in human beings, it is examined Panikkar’s proposal of a science that, without eliminating itself, without cancelling the mediation that it constitutes, nor divesting itself from its own methods, not even without abandoning immanence, recognizes in itself the divine: the infinite transcendence of the body -its character always open to mystery- and its infinite immanence -its unfathomable depth-. This corresponds to the author’s theophysics, so that, in it, it does not happen something similar to what Wittgenstein indicates about the ladder of which one can get rid once up -when the significance of the divine has been attained-, but in it the ladder -the physical dimension- is preserved and surpassed. (shrink)

El artículo se propone determinar el límite entre fenomenología y gnosis en la filosofía del cristianismo de M. Henry. Para ello analiza la cuestión del Archi-hijo en Soy yo la verdad, la de Archi-carne en Encarnación y la de la legitimación de las palabras que Cristo pronuncia sobre sí mismo en Palabras de Cristo. El análisis muestra, en primer lugar, en qué medida el tratamiento de estas tres cuestiones supera el límite estrictamente fenomenológico del pensamiento y remite a una gnosis (...) o experiencia de fe particular. En segundo lugar, explicita cómo, independientemente de esta gnosis, la intuición henryana acerca de la esencia de la vida abre un acceso fenomenológico genuino a la relación religiosa. (shrink)

This study aimed to identify the learning and business incubation processes and their impact on developing the performance of business incubators in Gaza Strip, and the study relied on the descriptive analytical approach, and the study population consisted of all employees working in business incubators in Gaza Strip in addition to experts and consultants in incubators where their total number reached (62) individuals, and the researchers used the questionnaire as a main tool to collect data through the comprehensive survey method, (...) where (55) questionnaires were retrieved with a recovery rate of (88.7%). The results of the study showed that there is a high approval of the variables of the study, where the dimension of incubation operations came with a relative weight (84.89%), followed by the learning dimension which got a relative weight (82.50%), while the performance level of the incubators got a relative weight (80.12%) and as the study results showed There is a positive relationship statistically between the two dimensions of learning and business incubation processes and performance development in business incubators, and the linear regression analysis model showed that the main effect in improving the performance of business incubators is "after business incubation operations" while it showed weak effect after learning. The study came out with several recommendations, the most important of which is that business incubators seek to reinforce the learning process and incubation processes for business, and the need to periodically evaluate their performance, and that a more effective mechanism be designed to follow up with companies after the end of the incubation period and monitor the progress of these companies. (shrink)

El presente artículo pone en duda la interpretación corriente según la cual el Diálogo entre un Filósofo, un Judío y un Cristiano representa un diálogo interreligioso por el que Abelardo se aproximaría a una moderna concepción de tolerancia. La tesis principal es que, si se presta la atención debida a la naturaleza literaria de la obra, ésta se revelará no como un diálogo entre distintas religiones, sino como un diálogo interno entre distintos aspectos de la fe cristiana, cuyas tensiones son (...) escenificadas en la forma de un diálogo entre religiones. The present article departs from the traditional reading of the Dialogue Between a Philosopher, a Jew and a Christian , which interprets the work as an interreligious dialogue in which Abelard comes near to a modern notion of tolerance. The main thesis is that, once due attention is given to the literary nature of the work, it reveals itself not as a dialogue between different religions, but as a dialogue between different aspects of the Christian faith, which tensions are staged in the form of a dialogue between religions. (shrink)

[ES] El principio de contexto que Frege establece en Fundamentos de la Aritmética no reaparece en sus escritos posteriores, hecho que podría sugerir que a consecuencia de la sustitución de la noción de contenido juzgable por las de sentido y significado Frege lo rechazara después de 1890. Dummett arguye en 1995 que el principio de contexto continúa formando una parte central de la filosofía de lenguaje de Frege, pero que las teorías establecidas a partir del tomo I de Leyes fundamentales (...) de la aritmética ya no son compatibles con la noción de la perspectiva internalista atribuida a Frege por van Heijenoort e Hintikka. El presente trabajo arguye que Frege no sólo jamás abandonó el principio de contexto, sino que también mantuvo toda su vida la fe en el lenguaje como medio universal con la consiguiente imposibilidad de establecer, vía una teoría semántica, externamente las referencias de nuestros términos. [EN] Frege´s context principle, as put forward in Foundations of Arithmetic, is not mentioned in his later writings which might suggest that as a consequence of substituting the notion of judgeable content by sense and meaning, Frege would have abandoned the context principle after 1890. Dummett argues in 1993 that the context principle continues to form a central part of Frege’s language philosophy; theories put forth from volume I of Fundamental Laws of Arithmetic, however, are no longer compatible with the notion of an internalist perspective attributed to Frege by van Heijenoort and Hintikka. I argue currently that Frege not only never abandoned the context principle but all his life maintained his faith en language as universal medium making and therefore held it impossible to establish reference for our terms externally by means of a theory of meaning. (shrink)

We study the existence of weak solutions for the coupled system of functional integral equations of Urysohn-Stieltjes type in the reflexive Banach spaceE. As an application, the coupled system of Hammerstien-Stieltjes functional integral equations is also studied.

RESUMEN Los conflictos interculturales de diverso tipo, prácticos y teóricos, que se aprecian en la escena internacional han vuelto a poner sobre el tapete la vieja disputa entre la razón y la fe. En el presente artículo se analiza la interpretación que, en ese marco, Jürgen Habermas ha hecho del atentado contra las Torres Gemelas, evocando una obra temprana de Hegel. La vinculación entre ambas aproximaciones permite esclarecer el trasfondo filosófico de la disputa. ABSTRACT The different types of practical and (...) theoretical intercultural conflicts that are observable on the international scene have once again brought up the old dispute between faith and reason. The article analyzes Jürgen Habermas' interpretation of the 9/11 attack on the Twin Towers, which evokes one of Hegel's early works. The connection between the two approaches makes it possible to clarify the background to the dispute. RESUMO Os conflitos interculturais de diversos tipos, práticos e teóricos, que se consideram na cena internacional, voltam a trazer em discussão a velha disputa entre a razão e a fé. Neste artigo, analisa-se a interpretação que, nesse contexto, Jürgen Habermas fez do atentado contra as Torres Gêmeas evocando uma obra das iniciais de Hegel. A vinculação entre ambas as aproximações permite esclarecer o transfundo filosófico da disputa. (shrink)

Manuscript Resc/55 of the CSIC has a chapter telling the story of a dream that a Tunisian ṣāliḥ had with the Prophet Muḥammad. In the dream the Prophet tells the dreamer about the events of Judgment Day, gives him some recommendations, and promises that however little the faith of a Muslim may be, he will enter Paradise, provided he remains a Muslim. These words likely were well received by the Mudejars or Moriscos who selected this text and copied it (...) so many times. The author of this article analyses the contents of the story using an approach that takes into account both the Arabic literary tradition of edifying dream stories, as well as the socio-historical background of the Moriscos. Of particular importance is understanding how the text legitimizes its contents and represents the words of the Prophet as authentic by resorting to a long tradition of dreams about Muḥammad. At the end of the article there is a transliteration of the aljamiado text. (shrink)

This unpublished manuscript of the Spanish Dominican Domingo Báñez reflects his personal account of the proceedings held during July 1602 in Valladolid in defense of his own doctrine against suspicious theses formulated by some Jesuits from Alcalá de Henares the previous March. The Jesuits denied that the adhesion of faith to the Roman Pontiff included him as a specific man, e.g. Pope Clement VIII. In support of their thesis, they provided the authority of Báñez. The Dominican theologian clarified in (...) Valladolid that the fact that Clement VIII was Pope did belong to the faith indeed but not in a primary and immediate sense, although this was later supported by other Jesuits in a third session held a few days later, again in Valladolid. (shrink)

The Epistemological Status of the Faith: A Dialogue with Kant. The Kantian philosophy studies with special care the classic problem of the epistemological situation of the faith, analysing the distinctions between believing, knowing, and meaning. Kant maintains the absolute singularity of de the act of faith.

Tras un breve recuerdo del debate centenario sobre la filosofía cristiana, el autor discute la nueva propuesta de Alasdair MacIntyre de mejorar una «filosofía católica» en el contexto de nuestra moderna crisis en la relación entre fe y razón. El autor comparte el diagnóstico sobre nuestra situación presente en las universidades de investigación y sobre su exclusión pragmática de la filosofía y la teología, las cuales, en el mejor caso, son reducidas a disciplinas especializadas sin relevancia para otras disciplinas, y, (...) en la mayoría de los casos, son simplemente expulsadas del ámbito de la investigación científica. La propuesta dialéctica de MacIntyre en Tres versiones rivales de la ética y en Dios, Filosofía, Universidades, aparte de otras obras menores, se examina críticamente y se presenta como una forma nueva de comprometer a los pensadores católicos y no católicos en una confrontación abierta y fructífera, en lugar de nuestro confinamiento actual en mundos cerrados de investigación falsamente científica. After a brief recollection of the century long debate about Christian philosophy, the author discusses Alasdair Maclntyre’s new proposal to enhance a «Catholic philosophy» in the context of our modern crisis of the relationship between faith and reason. The author shares the diagnosis about our present daj situation of research universities and their pragmatic exclusion of philosophy and theology, which, in the best case, are reduced to specialized disciplines with no import for other disciplines, and, in most cases, are just expelled from the realm of scientfic research. Maclntyre’s dialectical proposal in «Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry» and in «God, Philosophy Universities», and in some other minor works, is critically examined and presented as a new way to engage Catholic and non Catholic thinkers in an open and fruitful confrontation, in stead of our present confinement in closed worlds of falsely scientific research. (shrink)

Resumen Olegario González de Cardedal es precursor y pionero de la Nueva Apologética en España, y, aparte de analizar la credibilidad de la revelación por el signo fundamental Jesucristo, en necesario comprobar si la fe es razonable para el hombre del siglo XXI y sí los argumentos que la explican no son contrarios a la lógica. Entre los distintos pasos para indagarlo se parte de que la fe es significativa para el hombre, objetivo fundamental de este artículo. Las fuentes de (...) estudio empleadas han sido cuarenta artículos del teólogo publicados en distintos medios de comunicación, principalmente en los periódicos ABC y El País. En este estudio, siempre desde la visión del autor, se aclarará algunas características antropológicas señaladas por el autor, basadas en las ciencias humanas; la relación del hombre con lo sagrado; los rasgos más característicos de su Antropología Teológica; y por último se dará respuesta a la pregunta: ¿La fe es significativa para el hombre actual? Se termina con algunas consideraciones sobre el tema.Olegario González de Cardedal is recognized as a Theologian pioneer of the New Apologetic in Spain, and, besides analjzing the credibility of the revelation by the fundamental sign jesús Christ, it is needed to verify whether the Faith remains reasonable for the man on the XXI century, and whether the argu-ments that explain it are not in opposition to the logic. Among the different steps on such a quest, an starting point is that the Faith provides meaning to the man, which is the main pupose of this article. The sources for this study were forty anieles of the theologian in different means, especially on the Spanish newspapers: ABC and El País. Along this study, some anthropologic characteristics pointed out by the Theologian are claúfied, like those based on the human sciences, the relationship between man and the sacred, the most fundamental aspeas of its Theological anthropology, and an answer will be provided to the question: Is Faith significant for the man today? (shrink)

Resumen Olegario González de Cardedal es precursor y pionero de la Nueva Apologética en España, y, aparte de analizar la credibilidad de la revelación por el signo fundamental Jesucristo, en necesario comprobar si la fe es razonable para el hombre del siglo XXI y sí los argumentos que la explican no son contrarios a la lógica. Entre los distintos pasos para indagarlo se parte de que la fe es significativa para el hombre, objetivo fundamental de este artículo. Las fuentes de (...) estudio empleadas han sido cuarenta artículos del teólogo publicados en distintos medios de comunicación, principalmente en los periódicos ABC y El País. En este estudio, siempre desde la visión del autor, se aclarará algunas características antropológicas señaladas por el autor, basadas en las ciencias humanas; la relación del hombre con lo sagrado; los rasgos más característicos de su Antropología Teológica; y por último se dará respuesta a la pregunta: ¿La fe es significativa para el hombre actual? Se termina con algunas consideraciones sobre el tema.Olegario González de Cardedal is recognized as a Theologian pioneer of the New Apologetic in Spain, and, besides analjzing the credibility of the revelation by the fundamental sign jesús Christ, it is needed to verify whether the Faith remains reasonable for the man on the XXI century, and whether the argu-ments that explain it are not in opposition to the logic. Among the different steps on such a quest, an starting point is that the Faith provides meaning to the man, which is the main pupose of this article. The sources for this study were forty anieles of the theologian in different means, especially on the Spanish newspapers: ABC and El País. Along this study, some anthropologic characteristics pointed out by the Theologian are claúfied, like those based on the human sciences, the relationship between man and the sacred, the most fundamental aspeas of its Theological anthropology, and an answer will be provided to the question: Is Faith significant for the man today? (shrink)

(Spanish) RESUMEN: La libertad absoluta postulada por Viktor Emil Frankl y Jean-Paul Sartre, la Shoah y la creencia en un dios omnipotente, bueno y justo parecen contradecirse. La pregunta por el sentido del sufrimiento de las víctimas del Holocausto (la verdadera catástrofe, el mayor crimen contra la humanidad), simbolizado por Auschwitz, y como punto de inflexión en la historia, es terriblemente dolorosa y parece no tener una respuesta filosófica ni teológica. A mi juicio, es importantísimo distinguir entre las víctimas inocentes (...) de la Shoah que perecieron y las víctimas inocentes que sufrieron un verdadero infierno y perdieron a sus seres queridos, pero que lograron sobrevivir. Ambas son víctimas, por supuesto, pero así como encontrarle un posible sentido al sufrimiento de las víctimas masacradas y gaseadas podría suponer un insulto a su sufrimiento y agonía –en especial, al horror que sufrieron los niños–, el horrible sufrimiento de los supervivientes pudo dar, tal vez, de alguna manera, un sentido a sus vidas después de la liberación de los campos de concentración y exterminio, ya fuera como voz, como protesta o como simple supervivencia. Frankl apuesta por un sentido último (que abraza el sentido del sufrimiento de las víctimas), y Sartre, aunque parezca no apostar por sentido alguno, volcó su vida al compromiso político después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, y ello parece vislumbrar una minúscula pizca de sentido después de la barbarie. La filosofía de Frankl es un sí a la vida incluso en las situaciones más extremas, un grito casi nietzscheano que exalta el valor de la vida más allá de cualquier sufrimiento. Frankl, padre de la logoterapia y superviviente del Holocausto, abre una puerta a Dios al hablar de un dios inconsciente, una dimensión suprahumana y una fe incondicional, y define la religión como espiritualidad y como la búsqueda del hombre por el sentido último. Según Frankl, la libertad no se contradice con Dios, y la religión existe no a raíz de la barbarie, sino a pesar de la barbarie. El existencialismo sartreano es una filosofía de la libertad radical y de la responsabilidad. El hombre está condenado a ser libre. El ser humano es un ser en el que la existencia precede a la esencia. Somos totalmente responsables de lo que somos. Sartre afirma que la libertad humana es incompatible con Dios. En un mundo sin Dios, la moral la construyen los hombres, con sus propias decisiones y sus acciones, y la existencia y el sufrimiento de las víctimas no tienen sentido alguno. Sartre define al hombre como libertad, responsabilidad, angustia y contingencia. Frankl define al hombre como libertad, responsabilidad, espiritualidad y búsqueda de sentido. Con esta tesis me propongo entrar en la resbaladiza dimensión del dolor, la desesperación, el sentido y sinsentido del sufrimiento de las víctimas (teniendo presente los horrores de Auschwitz, que en teología y filosofía ha simbolizado desde la liberación de los campos la muerte de Dios y la muerte de la moral). Es verdad que no solo los hombres, mujeres y niños judíos fueron víctimas de la barbarie alemana, pero, como reza el mensaje de Elie Wiesel en la exposición permanente del Block 27 del Auschwitz-Birkeanu State Museum: "Not all victims were Jewish in this place, but all Jews were victims". La Shoah no es un episodio dentro de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, sino un punto de inflexión en la historia de la humanidad, y es una catástrofe que nos concierne a todos, hombres y mujeres judíos y no judíos, religiosos e irreligiosos, creyentes e increyentes, como seres libres, responsables y morales que somos –o que deberíamos ser. Muchas de las víctimas del Holocausto, en medio de la desesperación, entraron en las cámaras de gas orando, aferrándose a la esperanza de que ese final espeluznante no era un punto final. Con esta tesis no me propongo de ninguna manera responder a la eterna pregunta de si Dios existe o no, sino que propongo interpretar ese grito hacia Dios como un desesperado anhelo de esperanza. También me propongo encontrar una coherencia en las posturas de estos dos grandes pensadores para quienes la libertad y la responsabilidad definen al hombre: Frankl (quien apuesta por una dimensión suprahumana donde existe un sentido último en el que el sufrimiento de las víctimas tiene que tener algún sentido, aunque ese sentido sea completamente incomprensible en la dimensión humana) y Sartre (el existencialista ateo por excelencia, para quien el mundo, la existencia y el sufrimiento son absolutamente contingentes). En el primer capítulo expongo la logoterapia y el existencialismo sartreano: describo las tres dimensiones del hombre y las tres búsquedas de sentido propuestas por Frankl, y expongo las cinco consecuencias de "l'existence précède l'essence", centrándome en la libertad y la responsabilidad, y hablo del suicidio. El segundo capítulo está dedicado al dios inconsciente frankleano, la dimensión suprahumana, la búsqueda por el sentido último y la fe incondicional. En el tercer capítulo ilustro la libertad sin Dios sartreana, la ontología sartreana, el ateísmo sartreano y el humanismo sartreano, y hablo sobre la responsabilidad, la mauvaise foi, la contingencia, la situation y la angustia. El cuarto capítulo es necesariamente histórico (sin dejar de ser filosófico): me pregunto por la muerte de Dios después de Auschwitz, argumento y defiendo la unicidad del Holocausto (la Shoah es un punto de inflexión en la historia de la humanidad), describo las masacres antes de los campos de exterminio (Einsatzgruppen, Ordnungspolizei y Wehrmacht), el gigantesco complejo de Auschwitz (Stammlager, Auschwitz-Birkenau y Monowitz-Buna), reflexiono sobre Dios y el mal (centrándome en los niños de Auschwitz), describo los días de Frankl en Auschwitz, hablo de Dios como esperanza, de la inmortalidad y la escatología, de la crueldad de Dios, de la relación entre el cristianismo y el antisemitismo, del islam y el antisemitismo, critico el silencio de Dios, hablo de la muerte de Dios y del juicio contra Dios. En el quinto capítulo expongo la moral frankleana (una moral que atañe al hombre y no a Dios), basándome en su teoría del amor y en su única obra de teatro (Synchronisation in Binkerwald), y la moral sartreana (una moral que atañe a una humanidad sin Dios), recordando a Dostoyevsky, analizando la famosa cita de Garcin en Huis clos "L'enfer, c'est les Autres", criticando el marxismo de Sartre y cuestionando (con la mirada de Frankl y Sartre) el verso de Brecht "Erst kommt das Fressen, dann kommt die Moral"; al final del capítulo incluyo una reflexión propia y las críticas frankleana y sartreana sobre la impunidad de los verdugos y colaboradores después del Holocausto (con el permiso de Dios). Después de la Conclusión, añado un Apéndice sobre las vidas de Frankl y Sartre, para poder entender mejor su obra. PALABRAS CLAVE: logoterapia, existencialismo sartreano, búsqueda de sentido, libertad, responsabilidad, moral, angustia, sufrimiento, supervivientes, víctimas, contingencia, espiritualidad, religión, Dios, esperanza, antisemitismo, culpa, Auschwitz, Holocausto, Shoah. /// (English) ABSTRACT: The absolute freedom defended by Viktor Emil Frankl and Jean-Paul Sartre, the Shoah and the belief in an omnipotent, benevolent and just God seem to contradict each other. The question of the meaning of the victims' suffering of the Holocaust (the true catastrophe, the biggest crime against humanity), simbolised by Auschwitz and as a turning point in History, is terribly painful and doesn't seem to have an answer. In my opinion, it's crucial to distinguish between the innocent victims of the Shoah who perished and the innocent victims who sufferend a real hell and lost their loved ones, but managed to survive. Both are victims, of course, but just as finding a possible meaning to the suffering of the massacred and gassed victims could result in an insult to their suffering and agony –especially to the horror that the children suffered– the gigantic suffering of the survivors could, maybe, somehow, give a meaning to their lives after the liberation of the concentration and extermination camps, either as a voice, as a protest, or as a simple survival. Frankl believes in an ultimate meaning (that embraces the meaning of the victims' suffering), and Sartre, even if it appears not to embrace any meaning, turned his life to political engagement after War World II, and that attitude seems to give a tiny glimpse of meaning after the barbarity. Frankl's philosophy says yes to life even in the most extreme situations, and it's a Nietzschean-like scream that exalts the value of life beyond any monstrous suffering. Frankl, the father of logotherapy and a Holocaust survivor, opens a door to God when he talks about an unconscious God, a supra-human dimension and an unconditional faith; he defines religion as spirituality and as man's search for ultimate meaning. According to Frankl, freedom is not contradictory with God, and religion exists not because of the barbarity but in spite of the barbarity. Sartrean existentialism is a philosophy of radical freedom and responsibility. Men are condemned to be free. We are beings where the existence precedes the essence. We are completely responsible of what we are. Sartre argues that human freedom is incompatible with God. In a godless world, morality is constructed by people, with their own choices and actions, and human existence and the suffering of the victims don't have any meaning. Sartre defines man as freedom, responsibility, Angst and contingency. Frankl defines man as freedom, responsibility, spirituality and search for meaning. With this dissertation I attempt to enter in the slippery dimension of the pain, despair, meaning and meaninglessness of the victims' suffering (having in mind the horrors of Auschwitz, that in theology and in philosophy have simbolised, since the liberation of the camps, the death of God and the death of morality). It's true that not only Jewish men, women and children were victims of the German barbarity, but, as Elie Wiesel's message from the permanent exhibition from Block 27 of the Auschwitz-Birkeanu State Museum reads: "Not all victims were Jewish in this place, but all Jews were victims". The Shoah is not an episode inside War World II, but a turning point in the history of humankind, and a catastrophe that embraces us all, Jewish and not not Jewish men and women, religious and not religious, believers and not believers, as the free, responsible and moral beings that we all are –or that we should be. A lot of the victims, in the midst of their desperation, entered into the gas chambers praying, holding to the hope that their horrifying end was not the ultimate end. With this dissertation I do not attempt to answer the eternal question of the existence of God, rather, I will try to interpret that scream to God as a longing for hope. I also intend to find a coherence between the thought of these two great thinkers for whom freedom and responsibilty define man: Frankl (who argues that there is a suprahuman dimension where an ultimate meaning exists and where the victims' suffering has to have a meaning, even if this meaning is completely incomprehensible in the human dimension) and Sartre (the atheist existentialist par excellence, for whom the world, human existence and suffering are absolutely contingent). In the first chapter I expose logotherapy and Sartrean existentialism: I describe the three dimensions of man, the three searches for meaning, the five consequences of "l'existence précède l'essence" and I speak about suicide. The second chapter delves into the unconscious God, the supra-human dimension, the ultimate meaning and the unconditional faith. In the third chapter I expose the freedom without God defended by Sartre, Sartre's ontology, Sartre's atheism, Sartre's humanism, and his ideas about responsibility, mauvaise foi, contingency, situation, and Angst. The fourth chapter is necessarily historical (while being philosophical too): I wonder about the death of God after Auschwitz, I argue and defend the uniqueness of the Holocaust (the Shoah is a turning point in the history of humankind), I describe the massacres before the extermination camps (Einsatzgruppen, Ordnungspolizei y Wehrmacht), the gigantic Auschwitz camp complex (Stammlager, Auschwitz-Birkenau y Monowitz-Buna), I reflect on God and evil (focusing on the children of Auschwitz), I describe Frankl's days in Auschwitz, I talk about God as hope, about immortality and escathology, I discuss God's cruelty, the relationship between Christianity and antisemitism and Islam and antisemitism, I question the silence of God, and I talk about the death of God and about the trial against God. In the fifth chapter I talk about the Franklean morality (a morality that concerns man and not God), on the basis of his love theory and his only work of theater (Synchronisation in Binkerwald), and the Sartrean morality (a morality that concerns a humanity without God), remembering Dostoyevsky, analysing Garcin's famous quote in Huis clos "L'enfer, c'est les Autres", crticizing Sartre's marxism and questioning (with Frankl's and Sartre's eyes) Brecht's verse "Erst kommt das Fressen, dann kommt die Moral"; at the end of the chapter I include my own reflection (and Frankl and Sartre's critique) about the impunity of the executioners and collaborators after the Holocaust (with God's permission). After the Conclusion, I add an Appendix about the lives of Frankl and Sartre, which helps understanding better their work. KEYWORDS: logotherapy, existentialism, search for meaning, freedom, responsibility, morality, Angst, suffering, survivors, victims, contingency, spirituality, religion, God, hope, antisemitism, guilt, Auschwitz, Holocaust, Shoah. (shrink)

Si a cierta doxa filosófico-ideológica en plena promoción le parece válido el caracterizar a todo Occidente como a esa civilización racionalista que arraiga en la revolución científica, filosófica y aun política que Descartes emblematizaría mejor que nadie, por poco que profundicemos en el análisis ..

Resumen A partir de la Ilustración, la ciencia y la fe ―otrora caminos comunes para alcanzar conocimiento―, se han visto divorciadas y constituidas como realidades divergentes que se oponen cada vez más. La modernidad trajo consigo la insistencia en estas ideas y el divorcio entre ciencia y fe parece no detenerse. El presente artículo propone en un dialogo con John Henry Newman reconocer el lugar propio de la ciencia positiva respecto de la fe religiosa, presentando la distinción epistemológica, o el (...) modo de comprender el conocimiento que hace de la fe un camino plausible y posible que tiene su propia estructura epistémica dirigida hacia la credibilidad de la fe religiosa.Since the Enlightenment, science and faith -once common ways to achieve knowledge- have been divorced and incorporated as divergent realities that increasingly oppose. Modernity brought with it the insistence on these ideas and the divorce of science and faith does not seem to stop. The present article proposes in a dialogue with John Henry Newman to recognize the proper place of positive science regarding religious faith, presenting the epistemological distinction, or the way of understanding the knowledge that makes of faith a plausible and possible path that has its Own epistemic structure directed towards the credibility of religious faith. (shrink)

El ateísmo sigue siendo una realidad prominente en la cultura contemporánea. Aunque algunos de los razonamientos ateístas vienen de muy antiguo asistimos, en nuestro momento cultural, a una proliferación de publicaciones en el ámbito científico que llegan a la siguiente conclusión: ‘probablemente Dios no exista’. Algunos pensadores del siglo XXI muestran, a su vez, la queja de no encontrar en el ámbito del cristianismo interlocutores que se preocupen por debatir las cuestiones que el mundo científico plantea a propósito de la (...) necesaria existencia de Dios. En el artículo se identifican varias cuestiones ateas contemporáneas, tales como: el materialismo, la causa y orden del universo, la cuestión siempre debatida del mal y el papel que desempeña el deseo tanto en la creencia como en el ateísmo. Se sugieren a estas cuestiones algunas respuestas desde la fe cristiana a partir de los razonamientos que en su día ofreciera Tomás de Aquino.Atheism continues being a prominent reality in contemporary culture. Though some of the atheistic arguments are old, we are witnessing in our cultural moment a proliferation of issues in the scientific field which come to this conclusion: “there is probably no God”. Some 21st century’s thinkers complain, too, of not finding on Christian side interlocutors interested in debating issues brought up by scientists about God’s necessary existence. Some atheistic, contemporary questions can be identified in the article, such as: materialism, cause and order of the universe, the ever debated question of evil and the role played by desire in both belief and atheism. Some of the answers given to these questions by Christian faith are based on Thomas Aquinas’ reasoning. (shrink)

The philosophy is a discipline that is not a science and that is unfamiliar to the general public who sees in it a form of original reflection. To understand this originality,you have to remember of the beginning of the history of philosophy which, from the end of Antiquity, gave up his first goal, namely wisdom. From Emperor Justinian who closed all schools of philosophy in 533 AD, philosophy has survived while remaining a discourse (logos) disconnected from its action ; However, (...) this action was sophia (wisdom). Consider then that Philosophy has been dead for 15 centuries and that the philosophers have survived by submitting to the authority in place, first to Theocracy and therefore to the Church, then to the State and therefore to Public Education. In the first case, philosophers are more interested in Faith and Holiness than in meditation and wisdom ; in the second case, they prefer to teach and write rather than dialogue to develop a peaceful way of life. Philosophy has strayed from it’s goal – Wisdom. It is therefore a question of reviving Philosophy by reopening schools which teach a wisdom. (shrink)

Se parte del planteamiento general de la perspectiva moderna que aún impera en la interpretación regular de la fe, para señalar sus insuficiencias. Posteriormente, se aborda la oposición entre universalidad ética y particularidad teológica, con base en las observaciones hechas por Kant y Kierkegaard, respectivamente, a fin de determinar el ámbito de la fe y su independencia respecto de la moral. Hecho el deslinde entre el Dios de la fe y el Dios de las filósofos, se describen los rasgos fundamentales (...) de la fe teologal, con base en el testimonio neotestamentario. Finalmente, se expone la concepción místico-religiosa de San Juan de la Cruz acerca de la fe como conocimiento oscuro amoroso, para luego aclarar en qué sentido la fe está íntimamente relacionada con el amor-ágape y la esperanza. Unidad que constituye la esencia de la actitud teologal. Be part of the overall approach of the modern perspective that still prevails in the interpretation regular of faith, to point out its shortcomings. Subsequently, deals with the opposition between ethical universality and particularity theological, based on observations made by Kant and Kierkegaard, respectively, to determine the field of faith and independence from morality. Made the boundary between the God of faith and the God of the philosophers, describes the basic features of theological faith, based on the New Testament witness. Finally, we illustrate the mystical-religious conception of San Juan de la Cruz about faith as loving dark knowledge, then clarify in what sense faith is intimately linked to the love-agape and hope. Unit which is the essence of the theological attitude. (shrink)

Los autores conversan sobre la distinta relación que tienen con la filosofía las lenguas española y francesa, encontrando la explicación de esa diferencia principalmente en los “espíritus” que nos separan, no obstante nuestra considerable cercanía lingüística. Mientras que la Reforma y la Contrarreforma exigieron de Francia un “humanismo del saber objetivo, del individuo y del progreso”, la cultura española dio de sí “un paradójico humanismo de la fe, de la expansión y de los juegos de la apariencia”. El “espíritu de (...) la filosofía” (Descartes, el ancestro de Hegel) se desarrolló en el norte de Europa, y en la Europa mediterránea floreció más bien “el espíritu de la ficción” (el Cervantes de Unamuno, de Ortega, de Borges y de Kundera). La inquietud de un mundo que bien podría no ser sino sueño, o incluso locura –de la que terminará por resurgir, al lado del cervantino y del calderoniano, el cogito cartesiano–, es sin embargo una inquietud española en primer lugar, y eso es algo que amerita ser estudiado, y sobre todo pensado. Una clave muy importante para dicho estudio es la constatación, subrayada por Nancy en respuesta al problema de la calificación de nuestra filosofía como “mera literatura”, de la “pérdida de confianza en las aventuras del sentido” que ha caracterizado a la Modernidad (o al Occidente en su versión nórdica, ese “espíritu de la filosofía alemana” que tras el efecto del nazismo se mudó a Francia y a Estados Unidos). Ahí donde Unamuno señalaba la necesidad, antes que de europeizar a España, de “españolizar a Europa”, Jean-Luc Nancy reconoce que Occidente necesita atreverse, una vez más, a abrirse a la aventura, y al riesgo del pensamiento. (shrink)

The thought of François Jullien has made valuable contributions to contemporary philosophy, primarily by enriching the interpretation of certain classic themes through the uniqueness of ancient Chinese wisdom. This approach has revealed aspects that Western philosophy, with its metaphysics focused on being, has overlooked. Among these aspects, Jullien has drawn attention to how a series of resources of what could be called ‘Christian thought’ have remained unthought-of, at least from a philosophical perspective. The central question of this research is whether (...) this Christian logic represents just another resource, among several, that Jullien has utilized in his intellectual work, or if it also constitutes one of the fundamental sources of his own work and the beginnings of possible de-coincidence from the philosophy of being. The conclusions indicate a notable and indispensable presence of these Christian notions in his argumentative proposal, albeit without resorting to faith. This study will begin by reviewing the main theses of the French philosopher and, at the same time, will describe how he has been relating and discussing them with Christian doctrine. (shrink)

This paper presents an interpretation of the paradoxical decision of Abraham done by Søren A. Kierkegaard in his work Fear and Trembling as an ethics of silence. The main idea is to understand ethics not as moral standards or specific duties, but as the responsibility of becoming a single individual in time; singularity as the intimate and personal relationship with the calling of love. In such a way, that silence is the experience of the encounter with the paradox that being (...) human means to be singular in conditions that claim an universal and general transparent manifestation dependent of the dominant rational discourse.Then, silence becomes the fundamental ethical claim to become a human person, as spirit in time, where it becomes a time of trial and examination, a temporality, where the trial is the fidelity to love’s calling, the listening of the possibilities that are presented by the anxiety of the decision. These possibilities are not immanent to the world or to history, they call for a personal choice, always containing a space of revelation; therefore of listening to the interiority of the personal choice that for Kierkegaard is the passion of faith, communicated and lived in silence. Concluding that an ethics of silence by the image of Abraham implies to re-think the role of philosophy in relationship to faith, hope and love in time, as a silent thought. (shrink)

The body of Eva in Thomas Aquinas The constitution of the first female body or the body of Eva presents several physical and metaphysical problems, problems that have gone through the centuries and reach the present, generating social and cultural consequences for women. The non-existence of parents demands from Aquino answers that go beyond the anthropological and biological and lead to the search of philosophical answers intertwined with the theological ones. Thomas Aquinas provides rational answers although the background is of (...) faith, and even, with literal interpretations of the Sacred Scriptures now abandoned. The Aquinate makes an intellectual effort to find answers in a rational field because the matter of the body of the first woman brings difficulties for its elucidation and understanding. As in other parts of his extensive work, Thomas Aquinas, follows the biological and physical works of Aristotle. Although the Aristotelian background is in line with Christian thought, Aquinas shows his extraordinary capacity for synthesis between the faith received and reason argued, between revelation and the principles of reason. (shrink)

The ternary xV2O5–(40 − x)Li2O–60B2O3 glass system, where x = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 mol%, was prepared by normal quenching. Ultrasonic velocities and attenuation were measured at room temperature using a pulse-echo technique. Various parameters, such as elastic moduli, micro-hardness, Poisson's ratio and Debye temperature, were determined from the measured densities and velocities. The composition dependence of these parameters, in addition to the glass-transition temperature, suggested that vanadium ions were incorporated into these glasses as a network modifier, resulting (...) in the reconversion of BO4 tetrahedra to BO3 triangles by the breaking of B–O–B linkages and the formation of nonbridging oxygens (NBOs). The outcome was a reduction in network connectivity and rigidity with increasing V2O5 content. The results are explained quantitatively in terms of fractal bond connectivity, average atomic volume, network dimensionality, packing density, number of network bonds per unit volume, cross-link density and atomic ring size. The Makishima and Mackenzie model appears to be valid for the studied glasses when the fate of BO4 tetrahedra and creation of NBOs are taken into account. (shrink)

Since William of Ockham has never made a systematic and thorough analysis of the anthropological issue, the author reconstructs the theme on the basis of considerations taken from his several physical and theological works. The Ockhamist methodological approach is the same used to study the natural world: experience-based knowledge, individual- based terminist logic and the principle of economy. However, Ockham stresses the individual against the deterministic universe of matter. It is a privileged entity: with its nature of material being, it (...) takes part of the features and perfections of the natural world- both inanimate and animate beings; and with its freedom, it infinitely transcends the deterministic universe of physics. Taking the above as a starting point, the author considers, firstly, the physical and metaphysical definitions given by the philosopher; and she shows the consequences resulting from them and the specific limitations established by Ockham. Then, she analyzes the main constituent of both definitions: the spiritual soul; she does so by examining the main features is a central point in the Ockhamist anthropology where the mere reason is insufficient to reach the truth; it is the faith the one that should complete the scope of this knowledge. (shrink)